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title: Debian Server toc_enable: yes breadcrumbs:

  • title: Configuration
  • title: Linux Server --- {% include header.md %}

Using

{:.no_toc} Debian 10 Buster

Basic Setup

Installation

  • Always verify the downloaded installation image after downloading it.
  • Use UEFI if possible.
  • Use the non-graphical installer. It's basically the same as the graphical one.
  • Localization:
    • Language: United States English
    • Location: Your location.
    • Locale: United States UTF-8 (en_US.UTF-8)
    • Keymap: Your keyboard's keymap.
  • Use an FQDN as the hostname. It'll set both the shortname and the FQDN.
  • Use separate password for root and your personal admin user.
  • Disk partitioning:
    • (Recommended) Manually partition the system drive(s). See system storage for a suggestion.
    • Guided partitioning makes weird partition/volume sizes, try to avoid it.
    • For simple or temporary systems, just use "guided - use entire disk" with all files in one partition.
    • When using LVM: Create the partition for the volume group, configure LVM (separate menu), configure the LVM volumes (filesystem and mount).
  • At the software selection menu, select only "SSH server" and "standard system utilities".
  • If it asks to install non-free firmware, take note of the packages so they can be installed later.
  • Install GRUB to the used disk.

Basic Configuration

  1. Login as root.
    • Since sudo is not installed yet, use su - if you log in through a non-root user.
  2. Check the system status:
    • Check for failed services: systemctl --failed
    • Check that AppArmor is operational: apparmor_status
  3. Localization:
    • Check current locale:
      • locale should return en_US.UTF-8.
      • Update if wrong: update-locale LANG=en_US.UTF-8
    • Check the keymap:
      • Try typing characters specific to your keyboard.
      • Update if wrong: dpkg-reconfigure keyboard-configuration
    • Comment AcceptEnv LANG LC_* in /etc/ssh/sshd_config to prevent clients bringing their own locale. Restart sshd.
  4. Set the hostname:
    • Set the shortname: hostnamectl set-hostname <shortname>
    • Set both the shortname and FQDN in /etc/hosts.
    • Check the hostnames with hostname (shortname) and hostname --fqdn (FQDN).
  5. Packages:
    • (Optional) Enable the contrib and non-free repo areas:
      • Add contrib non-free to every line in /etc/apt/sources.list.
    • Update, upgrade and auto-remove.
    • Install basics: sudo ca-certificates
    • Install extra tools: tree vim screen curl net-tools htop iotop irqtop nmap
    • Install per-user tmpdirs: libpam-tmpdir
    • Install Postfix: Install postfix and select "satellite system" if the system will only send email.
    • Install extra firmware:
      • Install firmware-linux or firmware-linux-free for some common firmware and microcode.
      • APT package examples: firmware-atheros -bnx2 -bnx2x -ralink -realtek
      • If it asked to install non-free firmware in the initial installation installation, try to install it now.
      • Install firmware from other sources (e.g. for some Intel NICs).
  6. Add mount options:
    • Add PID monitor group: groupadd -g 1500 pidmonitor
    • Add your personal user to the PID monitor group: usermod -aG pidmonitor <user>
    • Set mount options in /etc/fstab:
      • See Storage.
      • Enable hidepid: proc /proc proc defaults,hidepid=2,gid=1500 0 0
    • Run mount -a to validate fstab.
    • Restart the system for it to take effect.
  7. Setup SSHd:
    • File: /etc/ssh/sshd_config
    • PermitRootLogin no
    • PasswordAuthentication no
    • AllowTcpForwarding no
    • GatewayPorts no
    • Restart sshd.
  8. Update MOTD:
    • Clear /etc/motd.
  9. Configure your personal user:
    • Add it to the sudo group (usermod -aG sudo <user>).
    • Add your personal SSH pubkey to ~/.ssh/authorized_keys and fix the owner and permissions (700 for dir, 600 for file). (Hint: Get https://github.com/<user>.keys and filter the results.)
    • Try logging in remotely and gain root access through sudo.
  10. (Optional) Prevent root login:
    • Alternatively, keep it enabled with a strong password as a local backdoor for recovery or similar.
    • Add a personal user first.
    • Check that the password field (the second field) for root in /etc/shadow is something invalid like "*" or "!", but not empty and not valid password hash. This prevents password login.
    • Clear /etc/securetty to prevent root local/console login.

Machine-Specic Configuration

Physical Host

  1. TODO SSD optimizations.
  2. (Optional) If using SSD, add vm.swappiness=1 to /etc/sysctl.conf to minimize swapping.
  3. Install smartmontools and run smartctl -s on <dev> for all physical drives to enable SMART monitoring.
  4. Install lm-sensors and run sensors-detect to detect temperatur sensors etc. Add the modules to /etc/modules when asked.
  5. Mask ctrl-alt-del.target to disable CTRL+ALT+DEL reboot at the login screen.

QEMU Virtual Host

  1. Install qemu-guest-agent.

Networking

  1. (Alternative 1) (Recommended) Setup networkd network manager:
    • Add a simple network config:
      • Alternatively, add a complicated set of configs.
      • Create /etc/systemd/network/lan.network based on lan.network.
    • Disable/remove the ifupdown config: mv /etc/network/interfaces /etc/network/interfaces.old
    • Enable and start systemd-networkd: systemctl enable systemd-networkd
      • Restart it it already running.
    • Purge ifupdown and ifupdown2.
    • Check the status: networkctl [status [-a]]
    • Restart the system (now or later) and check if still working.
  2. (Alternative 2) (Default) Setup ifupdown network manager:
    • Install ifupdown2.
      • This may take the network down, so do it locally.
      • Restart networking.service afterward.
    • For VLAN support, install vlan.
    • For bond support, install ifenslave.
    • TODO: DHCPv4, IPv6 (static, SLAAC, DHCPv6).
  3. Setup DNS:
    • Enable and start systemd-resolved.service, the systemd resolver.
    • Point /etc/resolv.conf to the one generated by systemd: ln -sf /run/systemd/resolve/stub-resolv.conf /etc/resolv.conf
  4. Setup NTP:
    • Set the timezone: timedatectl set-timezone Europe/Oslo
    • Enable network time: timedatectl set-ntp true
    • In /etc/systemd/timesyncd.conf, set NTP=ntp.justervesenet.no.
    • Restart systemd-timesyncd.
    • Check that NTP works: timedatectl timesync-status
  5. Setup firewall:
    • Install: iptables iptables-persistent netfilter-persistent
      • Don't save the current rules.
    • Add som simple or complex rules.
  6. Reboot and make sure it still works.

Extra

Optional stuff.

  1. Extra package security:
    • Install apt-listbugs and apt-listchanges and run them before upgrading a package.
    • Install needrestart and run it after upgrading.
    • Install debsums and run it after upgrading to check deb checksums.
    • Install debsecan to get automatically alerted when new vulnerabilities are discovered and security updates are available.
  2. Postfix mail relay: TODO
  3. Install fail2ban.
    • Fix the firewall first so it configures itself correctly wrt. firewall blocking.
    • Check the status with fail2ban-client status [sshd].
    • See Applications for more info.
  4. Google Authenticator 2FA: TODO
  5. Install and run Lynis:
    • Install lynis.
    • Run lynis audit system.
  6. MOTD:
    • Clear /etc/motd.
    • Download dmotd.sh to /etc/profile.d/ and install the dependencies neofetch and lolcat.
    • Add an ASCII art (or Unicode art) logo to /etc/logo, using e.g. TAAG.
    • (Optional) Add a MOTD to /etc/motd.
    • (Optional) Clear or change the pre-login message in /etc/issue.
  7. Monitor free disk space:
    • Download disk-space-checker.sh either to /cron/cron.daily/ or to /opt/bin and create a cron job for it.
    • Example cron job (15 minutes past every 4 hours): 15 */4 * * * root /opt/bin/disk-space-checker
    • Configure which disks/file systems it should exclude and how full they should be before it sends an email alert.

System Storage

  • The system drive doesn’t need to be super fast if not used a lot for service stuff. It's typically built from one SSD (optionally overprovisioned) or 2 mirrored HDDs (as they're less reliable).
  • Set the boot flag on /boot/efi (UEFI) or /boot (BIOS). It's not used, but some hardware may require it to try booting the drive.
  • Swap can be added either as a partition, as an LVM volume or not added at all.
  • Use LVM or ZFS (if supported/stable) for the whole main disk, except the boot and EFI partitions.
  • Generally use EXT4, but try to use ZFS if appropriate.
  • Optionally use only the first half of the disk for LVM/system stuff and the other half as for ZFS.
  • Storage typically uses base-10 prefixes, not base-2, like speed and unlike memory.
  • SSDs can be overprovisioned in order to improve performance by leaving unused space the SSD can use internally. Factories typically reserve some minimum size appropriate to the drive, but users can overprovision further by leaving space unallocated/unpartitioned at the end of the drive. It's typically not needed to overprovision newer SSDs.

System Volumes Suggestion

This is just a suggestion for how to partition your main system drive. Since LVM volumes can be expanded later, it's fine to make them initially small. Create the volumes during system installation and set the mount options later in /etc/fstab.

Volume/Mount Type Minimal Size (GB) Mount Options
/proc Runtime N/A hidepid=2,gid=1500
/boot/efi FAT32 w/ boot flag (UEFI), none (BIOS) 0.5 nodev,nosuid,noexec
/boot EXT4 (UEFI), FAT32 w/ boot flag (BIOS) 0.5 nodev,nosuid,noexec
Swap Swap (optional) 4, 8, 16 N/A
vg0 LVM 50% or 100% N/A
Swap Swap (LVM) (optional) 4, 8, 16 N/A
/ EXT4 (LVM) 10 nodev
/tmp EXT4 (LVM) 5 nodev,nosuid,noexec
/var EXT4 (LVM) 5 nodev,nosuid
/var/lib EXT4 (LVM) 5 nodev,nosuid
/var/log EXT4 (LVM) 5 nodev,nosuid,noexec
/var/log/audit EXT4 (LVM) 1 nodev,nosuid,noexec
/var/tmp EXT4 (LVM) 5 nodev,nosuid,noexec
/home EXT4 (LVM) 10 nodev,nosuid
/srv EXT4 (LVM) or none if external 10 nodev,nosuid

Miscellaneous

Cron

  • Don't use periods (including file extensions) in the hourly/daily/weekly/monthly scripts.

Troubleshooting

  • network-online.target is stalling during boot:
    • See all services it depends on: systemctl show -p WantedBy network-online.target
    • Disable the unused services which stall.
  • Firmware for the network card fails to load:
    • Causes a syslog record like "firmware: failed to load rtl_nic/rtl8168g-3.fw (-2)" when trying to up the interface.
    • Might happen after installation even if working initially (for some reason).
    • Realtek solution: Enable the "non-free" repo and install "firmware-realtek".
  • Perl complains about a locale error:
    • Test with perl -e exit. It will complain if there's an error.
    • Check the locale: locale
    • Comment AcceptEnv LANG LC_* in /etc/ssh/sshd_config to prevent clients bringing their own locale.

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